Power Factor Correction

Harmonics Filtration

Utilities generate an almost perfect sinusoidal voltage. Harmonics, created by nonlinear loads such as variable speed drives, power rectifiers, inverters etc., cause nonlinear voltage drops and change the sinusoidal nature of the voltage. When reactive energy is compensated using capacitors, there is a frequency at which the capacitors are in parallel resonance with the power source (high impedance). If the resonant frequency occurs in proximity to one of the harmonic sources, current can circulate between the supply and the capacitors, resulting in high voltage on the line. In this scenario, current levels may exceed the capacitor's rated current by more than two or three times, and can cause transformer burn.

Resonance can occur on any frequency, however in most cases, current harmonic source exist at the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonic.The ACTIVAR's custom-designed reactors, used in series with the capacitors, prevent resonance by shifting the capacitor/network resonance frequency below the first dominant harmonic (usually 5th).

Shifting Resonance Frequency Below the 5th Harmonic

Voltage Harmonic Filtration Example

Tuned ACTIVAR vs. Active Harmonic Filters

Active filters connect power to the network with an amplitude opposite that of the harmonics. Active filter technology is an expensive solution, and inherently increases system losses. In applications having one or two dominant harmonics, a harmonic tuned Elspec ACTIVAR is the right technical and economic choice, effectively minimising system losses and reducing overall THD (Total Harmonic Distortion).

Applications

The ACTIVAR is the ideal solution for all slow to medium-speed power factor compensation. For fast or ultra-fast applications where the load changes in fractions of seconds, the Elspec EQUALIZER is the right solution.

The following applications dramatically benefit from the ACTIVAR:

Hospitals and other Medical Center

Medical equipment includes some of the most sensitive apparatus available. Electromechanical switches transients can cause equipment failure, which may result in serious consequences.The ACTIVAR's transient-free switching, together with its harmonic filtration capabilities, is the only solution for power factor correction at hospitals and other medical centers.

Data Centers

High availability is the requirement of data centers. Due to the large volume computers, UPS systems and other communications equipment, data centers have very high harmonic population and are extremely sensitive to transients. In order to meet the high availability requirements, data centers use the ACTIVAR transient-free compensation systems with harmonic filtration.

Extrusion

xtruders create a tremendous amount of harmonics.The harmonics cause energy losses, overheating and may sometimes lead to fire. Using tuned or detuned ACTIVAR systems, customers can reduce the harmonics pollution THD (Total Harmonic Distortion). Decreasing THD both saves energy and prevents potentially dangerous resonance conditions.

Office Buildings

Office buildings incorporate a significant amount of high harmonic polluting apparatus, including computers, fluorescent lighting and modern elevators. Filtering harmonics saves energy and reduces electrical bills. Using an ACTIVAR system with harmonic filtration assures long life and high performance.

Other Industrial Loads

Elspec ACTIVAR solutions are successfully installed in thousands of sites with other applications, that due to space limitation were not described in this catalogue. Medium to large factories, regardless of their specific application, will benefit from installing the Elspec ACTIVAR.The advantages for industrial loads are energy saving, harmonic filtration and more.

Capacitor Group Switching

The EQUALIZER switches capacitor groups on and off using state-of-the-art electronic switches.The connection and disconnection of capacitors occur precisely at zero-current crossing.This smooth connection avoids transient effects typically created by electromechanically switched power factor correction (PFC) systems, extending the life expectancy of the EQUALIZER dramatically.

SCAN Mode

The EQUALIZER is equipped with a unique SCAN feature that protects capacitors from exploding and contributes to longer life expectancy by reducing over-current and minimising capacitor heating.The electronic switching element (unlimited operations) connects one capacitor group simultaneously as another group is disconnected.This operation occurs every few seconds, engaging each capacitor group in turn, with total compensation unchanged.This results in mean current reduction due to lower duty cycle (engagement time to cycle time). Together with the unique reactor design, temperature rise of the reactors is substantially reduced and the potential for cabinet overheating is minimised.

Consistent Capacity

Conventional electromechanical capacitor banks suffer from an ongoing cumulative reduction in capacity due to the effect of transients during connection and disconnection.This can be especially detrimental in tuned and detuned electromechanically switched systems where changes in the ratio between the capacitors and reactors shift the resonant frequency.This scenario can cause resonance, which can cause extreme damage to equipment in the facility.The EQUALIZER prevents this scenario,resulting in longer system life, lower maintenance costs and more consistent harmonic filtration over time.

Ideal PFC Control

Using exclusive automatic control algorithms and rapid electronic switching, total acquisition time (complete compensation of reactive current) is achieved in cycle typical 1⁄4 - 1 cycle max.; (50Hz = 13.3 ms; 60Hz = 11.1 ms), irrespective of the number of steps required. The power factor is controlled very accurately through an advanced open and closed-loop control and measuring system that uses information from all three phases, as well as accounts for the effect of harmonics (1 through 63). Minimum, maximum and average power factor modes, as well as threshold levels, can be selected for perfect compliance with specific network requirements.The EQUALIZER includes a unique solution for line-to-line loads, in which it calculates a transformer’s internal currents and compensates accordingly.Third party measurements have proven the EQUALIZER to be the ultimate solution to offer precise compensation for voltage drop and flickering

Power IQ Measurement & Analysis Software (optional)

This Windows-based software can display the system’s status, measurement results and real-time data.

The EQUALIZER Power Quality Solution

Definition

Power Quality is a term used to define any occurrence of voltage, current or frequency deviation that results in equipment failure, process interruptions or power system inefficiency.These deviations can manifest themselves in harmonics, power factor, voltage sags/swells, voltage flickering,transients and many other forms.The EQUALIZER from Elspec is an all-in-one solution for power quality problems, typically installed near the main service and near major distribution panels.

Voltage Sags (Voltage Drops, Under-Voltage)

Voltage sags, also known as voltage drops or under-voltage, are caused by local loads, either during motor startup or from rapidly changing loads. This condition is characterised by low power factor and high reactive energy demand.The Elspec EQUALIZER’s ultra-fast technology is designed to act in these specialised conditions. It connects all required capacitor banks in cycle typical (1⁄4 - 1 cycle max.), compensating for the total reactive energy of the event. Moreover, it changes the direction of the voltage drop vector to minimise the sag. As a result, the voltage sag is minimised and in many cases, even eliminated (Please see Motor Startup and Elevator in the application section).

Voltage Flickering

Voltage flickering is caused by fast voltage fluctuations commonly associated with rapid loads, such as spot welders. The EQUALIZER’s control technology connects and disconnects all required capacitor banks in cycle typical (1⁄4 - 1 cycle max.), effectively reducing the flicker to acceptable levels (Please see Spot Welding in the application section).

Power Factor

In many cases, low power factors result in higher utility bills through penalties and increased demand charges.They also cause system energy losses, overheating, increased maintenance costs and low service utilisation.The Elspec EQUALIZER is the foremost solution for low power

factor, preventing utility penalties, saving energy, reducing maintenance costs and increasing service utilisation.

Harmonics (Non-Linear Loads)

High harmonic voltages and currents cause significant energy losses, overheating and dramatically increase site vulnerability to failures and fire. More details on harmonics appear under the applications section.

Spikes (Transients)

Spikes (transients) can cause significant damage to equipment, produce unpredicted power supply failures and degrade capacitors. The EQUALIZER solution uses transient-free switching technology to eliminate all spikes associated with conventional capacitor switching.The results are longer capacitor life expectancy,less maintenance costs and higher network reliability.

Service Utilisation

Higher service utilisation is a constant wish of all electricity users, whether the power is provided by the utility, generators or other local generation such as wind turbines. Employing the EQUALIZER may dramatically increase the existing service utilisation by reducing the average current and stabilising current fluctuations. Existing installations show service utilisation increases of up to 60% (Please see Generator in the application section, page 12).

Voltage Control

In addition to power factor and other power quality issues, at times there is a need to maintain voltage levels within certain limits due to sensitive equipment or other facility requirements.The EQUALIZER voltage control option offers 6 different voltage control levels that facilitate both high and low parameters.The voltage control operates in parallel with the power factor control and complements it.

Power Factor Compensation – A Comparison

The EQUALIZER is an ideal solution for power quality applications. Regardless of the application, the EQUALIZER solution achieves near- perfect power factor control, network stabilisation and energy savings.

In many cases, the EQUALIZER is the only proper solution. Implementing slow-response power factor compensation or even quasi-real-time systems in these applications would actually reduce power quality and possibly produce wasted energy.The following example compares the results of the EQUALIZER ( cycle typical, 1⁄4 - 1 cycle max.) with a quasi-realtime solution (1 step, 3 cycles):

Correct Compensation Using the EQUALIZER

The top graphs demonstrate the EQUALIZER’s compensation of the reactive current in a 14-cycle energy load.Typical acquisition time (full compensation of reactive current) is less than one cycle and total current is substantially reduced.

Adverse Effects of Slower Response Systems

The bottom graphs demonstrate incorrect compensation where response time is 3 cycles to connect a single group and acquisition time required to connect a total of 4 groups is 12 cycles. Due to the delay in connections, the current is only partially reduced. Further, the corresponding delay in disconnection causes residual current.The overall effect of this compensation system on total current is negative, as the average current of the load is increased,rather than decreased.This phenomena will increase voltage flickering due to overcompensation.

Welding Machines

Spot welding loads fluctuate extremely rapidly and consume large amounts of reactive power. Due to high current changes caused by the near-instantaneous reactive energy consumption, large voltage drops are produced.These sags reduce weld quality and decrease welding productivity. Additionally, these loads often create a high incidence of voltage flickering, which frequently exceeds recommended IEEE limits.

Elspec’s real-time EQUALIZER benefits:
1. Improved weld quality and reduced scrap/rework.
2. Increased process output.
3. Reduced voltage flickering.
4. Enhanced service utilisation for the facility (better utilisation of the existing power infrastructure).
5. Reduced maintenance costs.

The top graph on the right demonstrates how the EQUALIZER prevents voltage drop and flickering, substantially reduces the current and fully compensates reactive energy requirements.The bottom graph on the right illustrates welder tips DC current with and without the EQUALIZER solution. Optimal welding conditions require a stable current at the weld tips. In this example, current variations are reduced by 75% with the EQUALIZER solution (±200A vs. ±800A).

• Plastic Injection Moulding

Due to widely varying unsynchronised load conditions, plastic injection moulding applications have rapid and inconsistent reactive energy requirements. Power supply failure during a production cycle can cause enormous financial and physical damage caused by plastic cooling inside the machines. Besides reducing overall system energy losses, Elspec’s EQUALIZER solution drastically reduces the risk for such an event by stabilising the current and voltage levels in the facility on a cycle-by-cycle basis.

Hospitals, High-rises and Other Commercial Buildings (elevators, air conditioning, critical loads)

Most commercial buildings have significant load variations caused by elevators, air conditioninig equipment and other rapidly changing loads. Further, today’s medical equipment, computers and other sensitive loads can be damaged by spikes caused by conventionalcapacitor systems.The EQUALIZER:
1. Stabilizes the facility load.
2. Eliminates spikes caused by capacitor switching.
3. Increases life expectancy of sensitive equipment.
4. Reduces maintenance costs.
5. Increases available power for new loads on existing infrastructure.

Harbour Cranes

The complete operation cycle of harbour cranes is approximately one minute. During this time, the crane requires variable amounts of reactive energy, fluctuating rapidly throughout the entire crane cycle. The Elspec EQUALIZER’s real-time solution:
1. Stabilises the voltage.
2. Reduces the current.
3. Allows installation of a smaller service (less cable, less heat). • Lowers system losses.
4. Saves energy.

Motor Start-up

When connected directly to the line, large squirrel-case inductive motors consume very high current during the start-up period (six times higher than steady state operation).This high current consumption can lead to significant voltage drops on both the low and high voltage sides of the transformer, which interfere with other loads, reduce initial torque and increase start-up time.The EQUALIZER system tracks the reactive current and fully compensates it in cycle typical (1⁄4 - 1 cycle max.), offering the following benefits:
1. Protection against voltage drop on the main service.
2. Capability to central-start all loads, avoiding the use of individual starters commonly used to protect against voltage drop.
3. Direct connection of motors to main service, obtaining maximum torque during start-ups.This benefit is unique to the EQUALIZER solution, as starters of all types typically reduce the current going through the motor, thereby reducing the starting torque.

Harmonics Filtration

Utilities generate an almost perfect sinusoidal voltage. Harmonics, created by nonlinear loads such as variable speed drives, power rectifiers, inverters etc., cause nonlinear voltage drops and changes the sinusoidal nature of the voltage. When reactive energy is compensated using capacitors, there is a frequency at which the capacitors are in parallel resonance with the power source (high impedance). If the resonant frequency occurs in proximity to one of the harmonic sources, current can circulate between the supply and the capacitors, resulting in high voltage on the line. In this scenario, current levels may exceed the capacitor's rated current by more than two or three times and can cause transformer burn.

Resonance can occur on any frequency, however in most cases, current harmonic source exist at the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonic. The EQUALIZER's custom-designed reactors, used in series with the capacitors, prevent resonance by shifting the capacitor/network resonance frequency below the first dominant harmonic (usually 5th).

Tuned EQUALIZER vs. Active Harmonic Filters

Active filters connect power to the network with an amplitude opposite that of the harmonics. Active filter technology is an expensive solution, and inherently increases system losses. In applications having one or two dominant harmonics, a harmonic tuned Elspec EQUALIZER is the right technical and economic choice, effectively minimising system losses and reducing overall THD (Total Harmonic Distortion).

Electric Trains

Electric rail lines have long power distribution systems and rapid load changes, leading to substantial voltage drops and voltage flickering. The Elspec EQUALIZER system:
1. Provides voltage support to the distribution network.
2. Stabilises network power.
3. Prevents low power factor penalties.
4. Minimises system losses and maintenance costs. • Increases network loading capabilities.

Wind Energy

Wind turbine generators have become a significant contributor to power generation throughout the world. As a result, utility regulations for wind turbines have become more constrained, and now require stable voltage, reactive energy supply to the network and voltage control to support network failures.The Elspec EQUALIZER-W is specifically engineered for the wind energy market, and features communication protocols that match its controller to the algorithms of leading wind turbine manufacturers worldwide.

Generators (Emergency Stand-by, Parallel and Stand-alone Operation)

Use of generators for local power generation for normal facility operations and emergency back-up have become much more prevalent in recent years. All types of generators can benefit from power factor compensation provided by the EQUALIZER. Further, the EQUALIZER is the only power factor correction equipment approved for connection by generator manufacturers.
The Elspec EQUALIZER:

1. Increases useable power.
2. Allows separate target power factor programming, dependent on generator operational mode, when specified with generator option.
3. Potentially increases financial savings when multiple generator systems are used in tandem.
4. Enables downsizing of new generator installations.

Other Industrial Loads

The Elspec EQUALIZER is successfully installed in thousands of sites with other applications that due to space limitation were not described in this catalog.The EQUALIZER can benefit all users,regardless of their specific application, to save energy, improve power quality, filter harmonics, prevent voltage drops and much more.

The Controller

A digital signal processor (DSP) and a VLSI component form the basis of the controller’s technology. It features an LCD display, analog and digital circuitry, precise firing algorithms and optional communication capabilities.The controller has 9 input channels: 4 voltages (for Wye networks), 3 main currents and 2 internal system currents. The information obtained from these measurements is used for Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis, performed each network cycle on all channels. The advanced control algorithm, which includes unique patent-pending technology for fast compensation, calculates the required compensation in 1ms. Further, harmonics are calculated on all phases, allowing the EQUALIZER to achieve ideal compensation even in the presence of harmonics.

The EQUALIZER’s controller is available with a choice of data gathering levels, from essential power parameter measurements only (V, I, f, kW, kVA, kVAr) to complete power system performance monitoring that takes advantage of the comprehensive measurement system (over 2000 electrical parameters, including min/max levels and four-quadrant measurement of power and power factor).

The large LCD display is full-graphic, 160 x 128 pixels, and has long-lasting LED backlighting with FSTN technology. Characters are displayed in varying sizes and methods to enhance visibility. These include a Large Digits display, Harmonic spectrums, real-time Waveform plots and simple Text screens that include menus, easy-to-use setup programs and various measurements.

The EQUALIZER controller is available with several configuration options:
U- Unbalanced system for three-phase networks with single-phase capacitors.
S- Single phase system for single-phase networks with single-phase capacitors.
W- Wind Energy, a version specifically designed for wind turbine generator applications.
V- Voltage Control, where the controller connects or disconnects steps according to user-defined voltage limits (6-level).
T- Medium Voltage compensation, using LV capacitors and step-down transformer.
M- Medium Voltage compensation, using MV capacitors (see Type T). G- Generator applications, allows two power factor targets dependent on generator mode of operation.
P- External trigger signal for synchronised compensation, allowing instantaneous compensation (0ms).

Low Voltage Systems:

220V - 690V
50 or 60 Hz
Single phase or three-phase

Medium Voltage Systems:

Up to 69kV
50 or 60Hz

Ambient Temperature:

+ 40oC: max (< 8 hours)
+ 35oC: max 24 hours average
+ 20oC: yearly average
- 10oC: minimum

Capacitors:

Low loss, self healing, IEC 831-1/2

Protection Class:

IP20/NEMA 1 (Other on request)

Controller Display:

5” Graphic LCD
160 x 128 pixels
High visibility (FSTN)
Durable LED Backlight

Design:

Steel sheet cabinet

Enclosure Finish:

Epoxy powder coated
Gray (RAL 7032)

Internal Parts:

Rust-proof

EMC Standards:

EN 50081-2, EN 50082-2
EN 55011,
EN 61000-4-2/3/4/5
ENV 50204, ENV 50141

Safety Standards:

EN 61010-1, EN 60439-1
UL 508 (on request

Controller Ordering Information

The EQUALIZER-ST is a real-time, dynamic reactive power compensation system that utilises a proven industrial technology to provide an additional solution for the challenges related to large motor startups. The system itself operates at low voltage and by utilising a step-up transformer, the EQUALIZER-ST is also able to compensate for medium

Features and Benefits

1. Power Factor Correction
2. Electronics Switching >20 Milliseconds
3. Full Compensation
4. Designed Motor Start Optimisation

Electrical Diagram - Low Voltage

Electrical Diagram - Medium Voltage

Electrical Diagram - Low Voltage

During a voltage sag the source input [U0] drops to a substantially lower level - U1.

As soon as the voltage sag starts, the EQUALIZER-ST immediately connects in order to create a total leading current [Red]. Once it is connected the voltage drop on the resistive part is synchronised with the total current, shifting in a counter clockwise [opposite] direction. Subsequently, the voltage drop on the inductive part also shifts to 90 ̊, resulting in a substantially lower U0.

Export Compatibility

All automated reports can be easily exported to many compatible formats such as: COMTRADE and PQDIF (event reports), PDF, EXCEL, HTML and TXT (all other reports).

Automated Report Generator

PQSCADA has been uniquely adapted to generate automatic reports, based on any specification, on an unique electrical event or simply according to a set time schedule (monthly, daily, weekly). Conforming to the highest industry standards, the templates of the Automated Report Function are not only based on EN50160 standards, but also on a wide range of standards from other major countries.These templates may also be uniquely adapted to suit the requirements of individual users.

Automatic Notifications

any electrical event. These notifications can be sent by a variety of communication means: E-Mail, SMS and/or Pop-Ups.

Multiple Device Synchronisation

Each individual BLACKBOX continuously records waveforms that PQSCADA will automatically collect, store and process. Analysis of any event propagation requires measurements taken from multiple locations.The accuracy level is dependent on precise time synchronisation, and as such, each device can be continuously synchronised to an accurate external time source or to each other. Due to the continuous waveform recording from multiple points, any event can be clearly viewed as it propagates from one point to another, providing a clear and comprehensive picture of conditions leading up to, during, and after event.

Download

PQSCADA collects all waveform data that has been continuously recorded in the compressed PQZIP format.

Process

The data is processed and organised for quick access and storage. A wide range of electrical parameters are then calculated based on the raw PQZIP data. The reorganised PQZIP data, and the calculated parameters with statistics included, are stored and available on the network for later retrieval.

Deliver

All the electrical information, including event flagging and notifications are delivered over a number of communication gateways.This feature includes report exports in various compatible formats such as COMTRADE, PQDIF, CSV, RTF, HTML, PDF, etc.

Visualise

Detailed data can be easily analysed by any number of clients at any location. The Investigator Software provides an immediate,comprehensive and understandable picture of everything that happened within the network.

Conventional Profile Via the Network

Within this scenario, choose how to take advantage of the PQSCADA and Investigator Software Programs. PQSCADA is installed on a server, the system is managed on the network, with the Investigator application accessible via the internet.

Elspec’s Hosting Profile

Data from all installed devices are transmitted to Elspec’s Data Storage Center. Data is accessed and analysed with the Investigator Client programs. Alternatively, a third party can be authorised to analyse the Power Quality Data via this option.

Stand-Alone Profile

Individually installed devices may record data at any location (usually remote) over a chosen period of time (up to 1 year). Data is accessed and downloaded on an ad-hoc basis at the location using one of the many available connection gateways (wireless,TCP/IP connection). Downloaded data may either be redirected and managed using the user’s own Server Profile, or to Elspec’s Host Server Profile.

G4K The Future of Power Quality

1. Continuous Waveform Recordings
2. Superior Accuracy
3. Threshold-Free Setu

The Perfect Fixed Solution

The innovative design of the G4400 BLACKBOX device series is a technological breakthrough providing the perfect PQ Analysis solution. Its’ enhanced capabilities are uniquely adaptable to address the individual needs and requirements for almost any business and/or application.

Continuous Waveform Recordings

Exclusive only to the G4K, the device is able to record and store all electrical waveforms, all the time, for more than a year (Voltage at 1024 samples per cycle,and Current at 256 samples per cycle1,2),with no gaps in the data.These innovations in the technology provide a clear and comprehensive picture of conditions leading up to, during, and after an event.

Superior Accuracy

Elspec’s pioneering measurement method utilises a dual-range gain of 2x16 Bit to yield, a superior accuracy far surpassing IEC 61000-4-30 Class A requirements, thereby capturing the finest details and deviations in PQ parameters.

Threshold-Free Setup

The G4K’s setup is free from any thresholds, triggers, and events. If required, the device may also be pre programmed with any individual parameters during setup for event flagging.

SCADA Compatible

The BLACKBOX device series is equipped with standard industrial protocols for seamless integration into any existing SCADA system.

Standard Compliance Testing

The G4K provides PQ parameters according to EN50160 and IEC 61000-4-30, including other National Standards. Parameters may also be customised to comply with any other unique standards or requirements.

Remote Monitoring Capabilities

The G4K is specifically designed to connect either via TCP/IP/RTU/GPRS Wireless for ease of use. Data may be analysed over any network, at any remote location.

Note:

1 G4430 Unit Only.
2 Sampling Rate For Both Voltage & Current May Also Range At 512 Samples Per Cycle.

Advanced PQSCADA

The Power Quality Management Software Suite (Enterprise Edition) empowers the G4K with an unparalleled data recording capability providing the most accurate detection and isolation of PQ anomalies for the diagnosis and effective maintenance of equipment.

Elspec’s innovative PQSCADA Power Quality Management Suite software simplifies troubleshooting.This user-friendly system allows for the control, configuration, comparison and analysis of time-synchronised data recorded by any number of BLACKBOX devices within a particular site or across many sites.

DFR Fully Featured Digital Fault Recorder

1. Continuous Waveform Recordings
2. Advanced Fault Location
3. 1 μsecond Time Synchronisation

The Perfect DFR Solution

The BLACKBOXDFR is a fully-featured Digital Fault Recorder with continuous recording capabilities that make it possible to analyse short transient events, long term disturbances, as well as, trend input quantities.
1. Multi function – DFR, Fault Locator, PQ Monitoring, PMU.
2. 24-Bit continuous acquisition at 1024 samples per cycle [50/60kHz.
3. Modular design with 16 analog and 96 digital channels per module.
4. Centralised or decentralised architecture.
5. Virtual Channels - More than 10 000 parameters are .continuously recorded for each analog channel.
6. Time synchronisation accuracy of 1 μsecond.

Features and Benefits

Continuous Waveform Recordings

Exclusive only to the BLACKBOX family, the DFR is able to record and store all electrical waveforms for more than a year (Voltage and Current at 1024 samples per cycle).The BLACKBOXDFR’s pioneering measurement method yields a superior accuracy by utilising a 24-Bit A/D converter, thereby capturing the finest power quality details and deviations for 10 000 electrical parameters.

Software-Free Solution

The continuous recordings of the BLACKBOXDFR are saved on the device’s local database. Based on the BLACKBOX’s exclusive sampling rate, data may be accessed and analysed directly either via the device’s touch screen or any web browser at a resolution from 1⁄2 cycle up to 2 hours.

Time Synchronisation

A unique time synchronisation algorithm assures that logged data from all the fault recorders located at different locations, is synchronised and displayed on the same time scale with typical 1 μsecond resolution.The time synchronisation accuracy is further assured by the use of additional components, such as a GPS or a SNTP server. Results: every event from all BLACKBOXDFR devices is accurately analysed at the exact time interval for a precise root cause analysis.

Accurate Fault-Location Algorithm

The BLACKBOXDFR is equipped with a one and two-terminal impedance-based fault-location algorithm, which takes into account the distributed parameter line model.The algorithm utilises synchronised measurements of voltages and currents from either one or two ends of a line,and formulates fundamental frequency phasors of symmetrical components of the measured signals.The fault-location algorithm is also geared up to calculate the distance from any fault to the measurement terminal.

Real-Time Monitoring Via Touch Screen Contro

The system features a user friendly touch screen interface that is easy to operate. All functions and measured values are accessed from the main menu. Monitor and control all your analog and digital inputs including important computed values at a glance in real-time.

Extended Web Interface